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       4th edition of the Naniwa Hanagata Kabuki April program, staged by a troupe of young Kamigata actors.  
      
        Tengajaya: "Tengajaya" 
        was first performed in 1781 in Ôsaka, dramatizing a 
        true event that occurred over a century earlier. It is in the classical vengeance 
        play form, following the sufferings of the brothers Iori (Nakamura Senjaku) and Genjirô (Nakamura Kikaku)
        as they search for Tôma (Kataoka Ainosuke), the killer of their father. Iori first falls ill 
        and then is wounded by the enemy and finally ends up living in a shack as a 
        beggar where he is killed by the enemy. But the real reason for the continuing 
        popularity of this is not due to the historical incident, which has long since 
        been forgotten, nor because it is a vengeance play since there are other, 
        much more popular vendetta plays. Originally the role of the servant Motoemon (Nakamura Kanjaku), 
        a retainer of Iori's family who goes over to the enemy side was very small, 
        but the actor Ôtani Tomoemon IV transformed 
        it into a brilliant, virtuoso role. At first Motoemon is supposed to guard his lord, 
        but fails due to his weakness for drink. He promises his brother Yasuke (Bandô Shinsha) to 
        stop drinking, but is tricked by the enemy into getting dead drunk 
        and during this time, Tôma kills his lord. Motoemon is ready to kill himself to 
        atone, but instead decides to go to the enemy side. 
        There is no trick he will not stoop to, in order to turn things to his 
        advantage. For example, Motoemon tells his brother (who is still loyal to Iori) 
        that he has become blind due to illness, no doubt punishment for his evil arts, 
        and asks for charity. But in fact, he soon sneaks in, kills his brother 
        and wounds Iori, all in order to protect his new lord Tôma. But in the end, Genjirô 
        avenges his father's death with the help of former retainers of his father's clan.            
        Ame no Gorô: Soga no Gorô is one of the most famous heroes in the 
        Kabuki world, super-strong and quick to fight. However, this dance shows the soft 
        side of this hero as well as he travels nightly to the pleasure quarter to visit 
        his lover. Starring Kataoka Shinnosuke as Gorô.           
        Kasane: one can never escape past evils. Yoemon is fleeing to the 
        countryside, but Kasane, the woman he abandoned, refuses to let him go. 
        She catches up with him at a lonely river bank. A skull stabbed with a 
        scythe appears and Kasane is possessed by its spirit, actually 
        the spirit of her dead father, and her face suddenly becomes disfigured. 
        She pours out her feelings of jealousy and resentment and Yoemon kills Kasane, 
        but even after her death, he cannot escape her vengeful spirit. 
        Starring Kataoka Takatarô as Kasane and Kataoka Ainosuke as Yoemon.            
        Sonezaki Shinjû: a young merchant named Hiranoya Tokubê has long been in 
        love with the courtesan Tenmaya Ohatsu and is diligently trying to buy out her contract. 
        But he is swindled out of his money by someone he considered a friend. 
        Then he is beaten and humiliated in the precincts of the Ikutama Shrine. 
        He sneaks into the teahouse where Ohatsu is and she hides him under the veranda. 
        At this point, Tokubê's "friend" comes and calls him a criminal. 
        Ohatsu fiercely defends Tokubê and asks whether he is prepared to defend his 
        honor by committing love suicide. Silently, from under the veranda, 
        he holds her bare foot and draws it across his neck. The journey to the forest 
        where they commit love suicide is like a dream, half-way between this world 
        and the next and has some of the most famous lines in Japanese theatre: 
        "Farewell to this world and to this night, farewell. To what should we who go 
        to our deaths be likened? We are like the frost on the road leading to the 
        graveyard, vanishing with each step". Starring Nakamura Kanjaku and Nakamura Senjaku in 
        the roles of Tokubê and Ohatsu.          
        Natsu Matsuri: this grisly murder story became a smashing hit 
        when it was first performed in 1745 because of the chivalrous spirit of the 
        many Ôsaka characters appearing in this story, the contrast between a brutal murder 
        and the jovial mood of a summer festival, and the splashing of real water 
        used on the stage. Danshichi, a gallant fishmonger, does everything he can to protect
        the weak young son of his patron with the help of his companion Tokubê
        and the older Sabu. Although even Tokubê's wife Otatsu heroically helps out,
        in the end, Danshichi is betrayed by his evil father-in-law Giheiji and,
        in the most famous scene of the play, must kill him in a mud-covered fight
        in a lonely alley with the shouts of the local festival nearby.
        This program stars Kataoka Ainosuke as Danshichi, 
        with Nakamura Kikaku, Nakamura Kanjaku and Nakamura Senjaku as Issun Tokubê, Tsuribune Sabu and Otatsu. 
        Source: Earphone Guide website                                      
         
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